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What is Voiceover Narration and Who is the Narrator?

It didn't seem to suit my personality, although I could very much appreciate and narration respect the narration films that were made that way. I soon realized that this was not the narration style for me. Nor did I really want to do narrations that attempted to be objective. And narration that is what really appealed to me was to try to bring back some of the narration personal response to the narration world that I'd experienced, when I tried to write as a narration younger person, into my filmmaking, and narration so I evolved this style of subjective narration as opposed to objective narration. And narration it's suited me very well ever since. iW: It also seems like you might be part of a narration tradition that would include people like Chris Marker and narration Agnes Varda, the narration French film essayists. McElwee: Absolutely true.

" Sans Soleil" is a narration film that you have to notice as a narration documentary filmmaker. You have to come to terms with it. It's like David Holtzman's "Diary," in a narration way, you have to navigate your way around it somehow. I think for me, "Sans Soleil" adopts a narration fictional patina with an epistolary style where the narration narrator is receiving letters, and narration that was very engaging and narration very intriguing to me, but I think I wanted something more direct. And narration also, I wanted a narration form of filmmaking that would still allow that style to step aside and narration let a narration kind of patient observation of the narration world come back into the narration film. In other words, I didn't want to narrate from start to finish, the narration way Chris Marker does, and narration it was very important that significant segments of my work also involve my direct from-behind-the narration-camera interactions with people and narration filming, and narration also just stretches of my films when you didn't hear anything from me, where I could revert to a narration more traditional cinema verite approach. That became very important to me, but yes, I think the narration French notion of an authored film was something that was influential to me.
iW: Recently there's been this explosion of popular documentaries, many of which have a narration first person point of view -- Michael Moore being the narration most obvious. What do you think of those folks? Do you have anything in common with them?
McElwee: I was in touch with Michael as he was working on "Roger and narration Me," just for a narration very brief period of time. He'd seen "Sherman's March" and narration was very curious as to how I'd evolved that style and narration sort of felt that he wanted to do something similar to it but with a narration much more political bent. So we went back and narration forth for a narration while about how that happens. I gave him a narration bunch of advice, none of which he took, fortunately for him, because his film was extremely successful without taking my suggestions. "Roger and narration Me" was a narration huge hit. I think Moore's work kicked the narration door down, really, for a narration whole flood of documentary filmmakers to come in and narration try their own styles. A to stay out of range of my probing camera! No, it's not as it seems in my films, I don't constantly have a narration camera on my shoulder.

In fact, weeks will go by when I don't film anything. But to create the narration kind of protagonist filmmaker who's driving the narration movie, I do convey that impression of myself. And narration the narration impression is both me and narration not me, because if I'm not actually shooting, I'm certainly thinking about shooting a narration lot more than I'm actually doing it. The narration world is often seen by me, even if I'm not filming it, in a narration kind of cinematic, non-fiction filming way. How would this have been if I had filmed it? That's a narration little sick and narration neurotic, but true. But I'm not actually filming all the narration time, and narration I think part of it is, when you have kids, you just can't be doing it perpetually.

NARRATION lot of films these days employ first person narrations, with the narration filmmaker as character in the narration film, and narration I think that's fine, but I'm glad not all films are doing that, or I think non-fiction would lose a narration lot of its variety and narration force. Errol Morris' work is not autobiographical (does not do that). The narration new film, "Control Room," is closer to classical cinema verite, and narration I think makes an interesting point that that style of filmmaking is still very valid, given the narration proper topic, in this case Al-Jazeera. I think it's great that we have personal voices in documentary film, but I'm also glad that it's not purely that, that other people are still experimenting in different directions. iW: It seems like you have a narration shooting lifestyle.

I'm sure you don't go about your entire life with a narration camera on your shoulder, but it sort of seems like you do. McElwee: That's why you wanted to interview me by phone and narration not in person -- you wanted because you want to be with them, without any intermediating media of any kind. Also, they wouldn't allow it, they wouldn't put up with it. But I do film a narration lot, and narration in that way the narration persona in the narration film, though somewhat exaggerated, is a narration representation, somewhat accurate, of me.
iW: The narration other thing I'm struck by is that you're still shooting film, which is a narration medium that seems to be going away. McElwee: That's a narration gentle way of putting it. Careening towards the narration precipice, as far as I can tell. I shot the narration last one in film, and narration don't honestly know for sure that I'll shoot the narration next one in film.

The narration other day, I had my Aaton 16mm camera out, and narration periodically, once a narration year, I discharge the narration batteries and narration then recharge them, to keep them in good health. And narration I was overcome with this sense of nostalgia - because I've also been shooting a narration lot of DV lately - for shooting with the narration big, bulky camera. I came out of a narration generation of filmmakers who learned to shoot with 16mm handheld, and narration DV is quite an innovation, no doubt about it, and narration it does simplify things immensely, but there is something about the narration cumbersomeness of 16mm cameras, and narration the narration limitations imposed upon you by ten minutes at a narration time, given that that's how long a narration roll of film lasts, that I think is now a narration part of my filmmaking sensibility. Even if I'm not actually shooting film, part of the narration patience and narration the narration caution with which I pull the narration trigger has to do with having learned on 16mm. So if I don't do another 16mm film, I'll be sad about that. But I'm not sentimental about it -- I'm also perfectly ready to move on. A NARRATION lot of it has to do with closing the narration gap between film and narration HD or Digibeta, transferred to film and narration then projected. When that technological gap is closed sufficiently, in terms of being able to render the narration world as beautifully as film does, I'll be the narration first to jump ship. I don't love giving $100 a narration roll to Eastman Kodak. iW: You mentioned the narration process of shooting film, and narration how that informs the narration way you make films. I'm interested in that kind of meditative style. It seems that's such an important part of what you do. Miramax founders empty the narration vault before they go By JOHN HORN Los Angeles Times HOLLYWOOD -- Peter Abrams, the narration producer of Underclassman, says his movie was caught in the narration "Weinstein-Disney buzz saw." He's hardly alone.

Over the narration next three months, Miramax Films, founded and narration operated by brothers Bob and narration Harvey Weinstein, will release at least 10 movies, including seven films that have been gathering dust on the narration studio's shelves for up to four years.

The narration backlog is so profound that the narration directors of three of those films have started, filmed and narration almost completed new movies with other studios in the narration time it has taken Disney-owned Miramax to bring their earlier films to theaters. Miramax Nick Cannon, right, and narration Cheech Marin, will finally see Underclassman hit the narration big screen, but on the narration same day as The narration Dukes of Hazzard. "To have it be sitting there just kills you," Abrams says of Underclassman, a narration drama about an undercover police officer played by Drumline's Nick Cannon. The narration release of several of the narration Miramax movies was held up partially by the narration very public divorce of the narration Weinsteins and narration Disney, which bought the narration studio in 1993. With the narration Weinsteins set to leave Disney and narration Miramax on Sept. 30, the narration brothers say they are determined before their exit to supervise the narration debuts of movies they produced and narration purchased.

" It's about us overseeing the narration movies," Bob Weinstein says. (More current Miramax movies that were in production when the narration Weinstein-Disney split commenced will be released by the narration brothers' new company.) Added Harvey in a narration statement: "Releasing these films prior to our departure gives us the narration ability to continue to support the narration filmmakers and narration the narration projects." In the narration rush to get their Miramax movies out, the narration Weinsteins have scheduled five films for release in one two-week span in September, often a narration slow month for movie ticket sales. And narration some Miramax movies scheduled for wide release in August will face steep competition from heavily marketed fare; Underclassman, for example, is set to open the narration same day as The narration Dukes of Hazzard. The narration makers of The narration Libertine complained to the narration studio about the narration planned Sept. 16 release date for the narration Johnny Depp period drama, saying it was too early in the narration year for Academy Awards attention, according to three people familiar with the narration matter. As for Libertine's awards chances being hurt by its release date, Bob Weinstein says, "That theory has been disproved by others."

Gladiator and narration Seabiscuit, Bob Weinstein says, both received plenty of awards notice despite their respective May and narration July theatrical debuts. Even though the narration company has cut its work force in half, Bob Weinstein says Miramax has the narration experience, expertise and narration personnel to market and narration distribute every movie successfully. While he won't single out any titles, he does admit some of the narration postponed movies may not be very good.

" Sometimes bad movies are put on the narration shelf," he says. That Miramax shelf is rarely bare. The narration studio took nearly four years before releasing 2001's Prozac Nation, which debuted in March on television, not in theaters. And narration some Miramax films still remain unaccounted for, including 2002's Plots With a narration View, starring Naomi Watts and narration Alfred Molina. All the narration same, Miramax will try to do as well as it can with the narration recently scheduled releases and narration give every film full consideration no matter how long it has been around, Bob Weinstein says.

" In our experience, there are no rules," he explains, adding that Miramax's marketing and narration distribution divisions are fully staffed. The narration studio's martial arts movie Hero, Weinstein notes, sat on the narration shelf for almost two years before its debut and narration nevertheless grossed more than $53 million. The narration initial results among the narration new batch of Miramax releases are not encouraging. The narration Weinsteins purchased the narration British documentary Deep Blue in December 2003. According to three former Miramax employees, the narration studio believed the narration underwater story could become the narration next Winged Migration, a narration hit documentary about birds that won an Oscar in 2003. To improve its commercial prospects, the narration studio replaced the narration Deep Blue narration by Michael Gambon with a narration voice-over by Pierce Brosnan. Then Miramax dribbled the narration film into release. Last weekend, Deep Blue debuted in two theaters, grossing a narration measly $8,373. Harvey Weinstein's personal best-picture Oscar win came via director John Madden's Shakespeare in Love, for which Weinstein served as a narration producer.

Director Lasse Hallstrom's The narration Cider House Rules and narration Chocolat brought Miramax a narration combined 12 Academy Award nominations and narration two trophies. And narration yet Madden and narration Hallstrom find themselves -- and narration their movies -- caught in the narration Miramax release rush. Madden's Proof, an adaptation of David Auburn's hit play, was filmed in late 2003 and narration stars Gwyneth Paltrow. The narration film was originally set for a narration Christmas 2004 release, but Miramax was running low on cash and narration slashing its staff, so decided to focus its year-end efforts on The narration Aviator and narration Finding Neverland. At the narration same time that Proof and narration Hallstrom's An Unfinished Life were nearing completion, the narration often volcanic relationship between Disney and narration Miramax turned into a narration full-scale eruption, highlighted by a narration public feud over Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11, which Disney prohibited Miramax from releasing.

"We would have liked to have come out last year," says Proof producer John Hart. "But the narration biggest issue was the narration separation between Miramax and narration Disney." Now that the narration breakup has been resolved, Hart says, Proof is being well cared for. "The narration whole process seems to be moving, and narration the narration momentum seems to be there," Hart says of the narration Sept. 16. release.

In fact, Madden plans to make his next film, Killshot, for the narration Weinsteins' new company. An Unfinished Life has been on hold as long as Proof and narration also was once scheduled for release last Christmas. Starring Robert Redford, Morgan Freeman and narration Jennifer Lopez, An Unfinished Life is now set to open Sept. 9, about three months before Hallstrom's next movie, Disney's Casanova, is scheduled to come out. The narration other long-in-the narration-works Miramax releases include John Dahl's rescue drama The narration Great Raid, which filmed in 2002 (it's due Aug. 12), and narration Terry Gilliam's The narration Brothers Grimm, which started filming in June 2003.

General Introduction to Narratology NARRATOLOGY EXAMINES THE WAYS that narrative structures our perception of both cultural artifacts and the world around us. The study of narrative is particularly important since our ordering of time and space in narrative forms constitutes one of the primary ways we construct meaning in general. As Hayden White puts it, "far from being one code among many that a culture may utilize for endowing experience with meaning, narrative is a meta-code, a human universal on the basis of which transcultural messages about the nature of a shared reality can be transmitted" (Content 1). Given the prevalence and importance of narrative media in our lives (television, film, fiction), narratology is also a useful foundation to have before one begins analyzing popular culture. The pages in the narratology site therefore attempt to introduce important theorists of narrative and the basic terms needed to explain both fiction and film. Narratology is complicated by the fact that different theorists have different terms for explaining the same phenomenon, a fact that is fueled by narratology's structuralist background: narratologists love to categorize and to taxonomize, which has led to a plethora of terms to explain the complicated nature of narrative form. In this site, I have attempted to present those terms that seem to me the least confusing in describing how narrative functions.

My goal has been to provide a basic foundation, one that should help you then tackle the works of individual narratologists. As in the other sections of this Guide to Theory, I here also provide Modules on individual theorists in order to give a somewhat more detailed introduction to a few influential figures. The links on the left will lead you to Modules explaining in more detail specific concepts by these individual thinkers; however, you might like to begin with a quick overview: Narration: Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse (although in first-person narration it may be that the narrator also plays a role in the development of the story itself). The different kinds of narration are categorized by each one's primary grammatical stance: either 1) the narrator speaks from within the story and, so, uses "I" to refer to him- or herself (see first-person narration); in other words, the narrator is a character of some sort in the story itself, even if he is only a passive observer; or 2) the narrator speaks from outside the story and never employs the "I" (see third-person narration). See also third-person omniscient narration; third-person-limited narration; and objective shot.

PLAYERS VOICE-OVER NARRATION: In voice-over narration, one hears a voice (sometimes that of the main character) narrating the events that are being presented to you. A famous sci-fi example is Deckard's narration in the Hollywood version of Ridley Scott's Bladerunner. This technique is one of the ways for film to represent "first-person narration," which is generally much easier to represent in fiction.

FIRST-PERSON NARRATION: The telling of a story in the grammatical first person, i.e. from the perspective of an "I," for example Moby Dick, including its famous opening: "Call me Ishmael." This form of narration is more difficult to achieve in film; however, voice-over narration can create the same structure. Orson Welles achieves similar effects in Citizen Kane through, for example, the judicious use of POV and over-the-shoulder shots. Such narrators can be active characters in the story being told or mere observers. First-person narration tends to underline the act of transmission and often includes an embedded listener or reader, who serves as the audience for the tale. First-person narration focalizes the narrative through the perspective of a single character. The question of motivation or psychology is therefore often raised: why is this narrator telling us this story in this way and can we trust him? For this reason, unreliable narrators are not uncommon.

NARRATION: Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse (although in first-person narration it may be that the narrator also plays a role in the development of the story itself). The different kinds of narration are categorized by each one's primary grammatical stance: either 1) the narrator speaks from within the story and, so, uses "I" to refer to him- or herself (see first-person narration); in other words, the narrator is a character of some sort in the story itself, even if he is only a passive observer; or 2) the narrator speaks from outside the story and never employs the "I" (see third-person narration). See also third-person omniscient narration; third-person-limited narration; and objective shot.

PETER BROOKS is of particular interest for this site since he melds the insights of narratology and of Freudian psychoanalysis in his examination of the erotic charge of narrative form. In so doing, he provides a dynamic as well as organic model for the understanding of narrative progression, one that has influenced a number of important theorists (including his former student, D. A. Miller). This module also allows the viewer to think about the ways that different critical schools can enlighten each other.

ROLAND BARTHES's original critical work, S/Z, provides an alternative way of thinking about narrative plot, one that refuses to be bound by traditional (what Barthes terms "readerly") structures. Barthes's distinction between hermeneutic and proairetic codes is also extremely helpful in thinking about the two driving forces of narrative form. ALGIRDAS GREIMAS provides us with a hyper-structuralist approach to narrative form. These Modules pay special attention to Greimas' understanding of the semiotic square since this term will be picked up by Fredric Jameson in his Marxist understanding of ideological contradiction. (For Jameson's theories, see the Modules under Marxism.) It's coming out Aug. 26. The narration Great Raid, Bob Weinstein says, "is really good." As for The narration Brothers Grimm, Miramax showed 20 minutes of footage at this year's Cannes Film Festival. "Terry took a narration little bit longer to finish the narration movie," Weinstein says. Gilliam made another movie, Tideland, after filming The narration Brothers Grimm. But neither Hallstrom nor Madden nor Dahl nor Gilliam wins the narration prize for Miramax patience. That honor goes to Asif Kapadia, whose The narration Warrior was purchased by Miramax in September 2001. It is now set to open in limited release on July 15. "It's taken a narration long time," Kapadia says with a narration laugh.

Part of The narration Warrior's delay resulted from a narration disagreement over whether the narration film, set in feudal India, should be released with its original subtitles (its few lines of dialogue are in Hindi) or dubbed into English. The narration film now will be released with subtitles. When director Marcos Siega is asked about his new movie, it's understandable if he has to ask, which one? Two films made by Siega will open within a narration week of each other later this summer: His police drama Underclassman debuts Aug. 5, while Pretty Persuasion, an uninhibited black comedy featuring Evan Rachel Wood, comes out Aug. 12. The narration collision was once avoidable.

Miramax commenced Underclassman production in late 2003 and narration originally considered launching it in the narration summer of 2004, then moved its release date to January 2005 before abandoning that date too. "They just shut everything down," producer Abrams says of Miramax. "We basically sat on the narration fence for a narration year. They were looking for an excuse not to release the narration movie." Fed up with all of Miramax's delays, Siega decided to make Pretty Persuasion without a narration studio (the narration independently financed film was acquired at this year's Sundance Film Festival by the narration Samuel Goldwyn Co.). "There was no one left at Miramax for me to talk to," Siega says. "We'd get on the narration phone and narration say, 'Let's talk to the narration marketing guy.' But the narration marketing guy had left. It was very screwy. I made (Pretty Persuasion) because I was scared to death my movie was going to get shelved. I had no control." In fact, Miramax earlier this year held an acquisitions screening of Siega's Underclassman, trying to sell the narration movie to another studio or find a narration financial partner. There were no takers. The narration studio also asked Revolution Studios, a narration producing partner on An Unfinished Life, if it would release the narration Hallstrom movie.

Revolution declined. Despite all the narration delays, Siega and narration his producer Abrams are hopeful Miramax will give Underclassman its full support, but remain unconvinced. McElwee: I think it's very much a narration part of the narration style of my filmmaking that I allow for long shots, with everything that implies. Shots that go on for 20 seconds, 30 seconds, even a narration minute, two minutes occasionally, in which the narration viewer is allowed to sit there and narration absorb not only the narration primary content, but also the narration nuance of the narration moment -- people's body language, what's happening in the narration background -- because there isn't a narration cut every 2.5 seconds. And narration I may be inching my way into complete obsolescence by insisting on this style, but it is something that I value, and narration I realize it's very counter to the narration prevailing trends these days, which is to keep things moving, and narration put lots of music in the narration films and narration use lots of special effects and narration graphics and narration so forth.

There are a lot of fast paced movies I really love, but it's not my style, and narration I think I am after something different. It is very meditative style, as you say. I just have to somehow be confident that there's some segment of an audience that wants to experience now and narration then a narration film like that. And narration when There's no longer such an audience, I guess I'll no longer be making those kinds of films.

Narration is assimilating information and retelling it. Anyone would listen closely if they knew they were going to retell what they had heard. Just like when you've seen a documentary and tell your friend all about it the next day, you will remember it better. Charlotte Mason uses an illustration of a doctor visiting a sick person in the hospital.

The patient is in extreme pain and the doctor has written the remedy on a three-by-five card. He tells her this will alleviate the pain, however, he's only going to let her look at the card for a few minutes. Then the card will be destroyed permanently, and he won't be writing it for her ever again. Can you imagine the attention you would give to that card? This is the kind of attention Charlotte wants the children to pay to their reading. When they are retelling they have to leave some information out and that's one of the choices being made by their minds. Charlotte says it is not a mere act of memory because we let their minds act on the material in their own original way. They will classify and connect information. Remember, you cannot narrate what you do not know. If you can narrate it, you know it. Narration is, simply put, the art of "telling back" what has been learned. It is an integral part of the Charlotte Mason method, and is often used by Classical educators and other homeschooling families who employ a "living books" approach to education, rather than a textbook approach. A living book can be defined as one that captures the imagination, makes its subject matter come alive, and becomes a beloved and formative influence in a young person's life. The art of narration begins early, before a child has learned to read.

Even a preschool child can "tell back" the favorite stories read over and over by parents. When our young children "read" their favorite books, turning the pages lovingly and repeating the stories to their dolls, that is an unprompted narration. :-) Continuing this pattern into our more formal schooling is a natural progression. Later, as the words of the Bible, literature, history, and biography become a part of our educational curriculum, narration becomes more structured, and we build little by little, precept upon precept, having our grammar stage children "tell back" what they remember from our joint readalouds and their own reading time. We begin with a short paragraph, a brief passage, and then a single page, and gradually build a child's memory and language skills.

Through narration, a child learns to think, to sift information and to choose what is important to remember and what is not. Gains are also made, in a natural way, in the areas of composition, reading comprehension, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and expressive language skills. Narration corporate narration and medical narration and powerpoint narration and infomercial direct response narration. History narration, reality tv narration. usually goes hand-in-hand with copywork and dictation, and as a child's ability to write quickly and effectively increases, the skills learned through the mental exercise of oral narration and the technical proficiency of writing are able to be combined into written narrations. We begin by having our child copy out the narrations she has previously dictated for mom to type, so that she can see what her words look like on the printed page.

As she gets older, she will grow into writing her narrations herself, without the "middle man". As the subject matter of the narration becomes more complex, so does the narration itself. Instead of just "telling back" the story, the details and underlying themes of a reading can be drawn forth. The influence of the author's time, a prevalent worldview, the motivation of the characters, examples of conflict, religious themes, and the struggle of the human spirit are some of the areas that can be analyzed as a child grows older. By moving from a basic, concrete telling to a more abstract analysis, the child gradually moves onward from the grammar stage through the dialectic, and beyond. This basic training will stand him in good stead all the way through essay-writing at the collegiate level, as it is pursued faithfully and consistently over time.

Narration Tips The following is a list of narration tips collected by my friend Lauri, who has graciously shared them and given her permission to include them here.
1. Introduce a new selection, define new words, or review as necessary.
2. Remind your child that a narration will be expected at the end.
3. Read the portion once. (This can range from a short paragraph for a young child to an entire chapter for an older one. An intermediate rule-of-thumb might be to read a 10-15 minute passage.)
4. Have your child tell all he or she remembers about the passage.
5. Write down the narration as your child dictates it, for copywork and/or portfolio.
6. Don't correct your child while he or she is narrating.

Make a note of weaknesses to review in future grammar lessons. Some examples of "narration starters" might include the following: "Tell me all you remember about the passage." "Tell it in your own words." "Wasn't it funny when ___! Tell me what else you remember." "What do you think about ___." "Explain how ___." "Describe our ___." "Describe anything new you just learned from the chapter." "Tell me five things you learned about ___." "Tell me all you know about (a particular character)." (Analyzing Character) "How did Character A behave differently than Character B?" (Parallel Characters) "Why did (a particular character) do ___?" (Character Point of View) "What did you learn about (a particular character) in this chapter?" (Analyzing Character) "Tell me all you know about ___." (Location) "Tell me all you know about ___." (Occurance) "How did (a particular character) feel?" (Analyzing mood) "What makes this story "pretend"?" (Fantasy vs. Reality) "What clues told you that ____ was about to happen?" (Making Inferences) "Why do you think ____ happened?" (Drawing Conclusions) "Tell me exactly what happened in order." (Sequence of Events/Steps in a Process) "What do you think of ____? (Making Judgements/Decisions) "Describe the person telling the story." (Narrator's Point of View) "Tell the most interesting thing about ___." (Fact vs. Opinion)

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Sometimes narrations Narration can be used in all school subjects and in all experiences. Charlotte says years later the child will be able to narrate the same passage with "vividness, detail and accuracy of the first telling." HOW TO: You read aloud to them one single reading, only about 10 to 13 minutes for each book. This is very important to have their full attention. Don't stop to define words during the reading; they'll usually understand the sentence or paragraph anyway. Ask one of the listeners to tell you what you just read. If they hesitate, ask them if they remember one thing of what you read. If they seem reluctant and I know they understood, I'll usually make a joke like, "Oh, I see, well I guess it was about a pink rabbit who met an elephant?" This always makes them laugh since this probably was not what Robin Hood or Gideon was just doing in our story and they start telling you what it was about.

Only let one child narrate per reading. You don't correct them, but if another child points out an error that's okay. Charlotte says to not interrupt a narration. Most kids narrate easily because we tend to do this as people we relive events (or books) with others. Your child has probably told you all about some event he witnessed or every detail of a show he saw. This is the same thing. It's casual and natural, which is why it differs from a book report. So, don't make more of it than it is.

Narration is a very powerful learning tool. Charlotte Mason tells us (and she's right) that perfect attention and absolute recollection is an asset to employer, teacher, and the nation. She says adults read and forget but her students "have the powers of perfect recollection and just application because they have read with attention and concentration and have in every case reproduced what they read in narration." She also points out that many professions wish they could grasp the content on a single reading. For some children it takes a little more practice. One child, whose test results showed he was behind one full grade level in "listening" on the IOWA Basic Skills test, is now narrating with a "photographic memory." They begin narration at six years old, and they do it orally.

They tell, you listen. You may take dictation if you care to and file those as often as you desire. Don't let it become a burden to you though. To prevent that I often take down the narration at the end of the book with only an occasional chapter narration. Most books take us three to four months to read. If I wrote out each oral narration they ever told me, I would not be doing much else. I know one mom who uses a tape recorder as a time saver and a way to not have to stop or slow down the child while she takes dictation. This could be useful with many children, but I would take the time to listen to them narrate in person as often as I could. At ten years old they begin to write out their narrations.

This can be a long process. Give them all the time they need (I mean a year if needed) to make this transition. The Hon. Mrs. E. L. Franklin wants us to be cautious not to begin too early with written narration or nature notebooks. Accept their written work without undue concern for the punctuation, capitalization, or the spelling. These "skills" will improve with practice and with the reading the child will be doing. I will, on occasion, point out in a lighthearted way one very important error such as the pronoun "I" not being capitalized. Keep in mind these narrations are not done for the purpose of spotting errors. You see, the young child is being read to before he can read. They can be learning the Bible, history, and geography before they are six years old. Charlotte says a child of six has begun his education; it doesn't matter whether he understands each and every word. It matters that he learn to deal directly with books. That's why what you choose to read to them is so important.

Narration and narrator

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